Midlife Obesity Linked to Heightened Frailty Risk in Older Age

Frailty often wrongly perceived as purely wasting disorder, researchers say
Findings highlight importance of keeping trim throughout adulthood to minimize risk

Carrying far too much weight, including a midriff bulge, from midlife onwards, is linked to a heightened risk of physical frailty in older age, finds research published in the open access journal BMJ Open.

Frailty is often wrongly perceived as a purely wasting disorder, say the researchers, who emphasize the importance of keeping trim throughout adulthood to help minimize the risk.

Frailty is characterized by at least three and prefrailty by one to two of the following five criteria: unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, weak grip strength, slow walking speed, and low physical activity levels. It’s associated with vulnerability to falls, disability, hospital admission, reduced quality of life, and death.

Mounting evidence suggests that obese older adults may be at increased risk because obesity aggravates the age-related decline in muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and physical function. But few studies have tracked weight changes and frailty risk over the long term.

The researchers therefore drew on participants in the population based Tromsø Study to find out whether general (BMI) and abdominal (waist circumference) obesity separately and jointly, might affect the risk of prefrailty/frailty.

The Tromsø Study consists of seven survey waves of 45,000 residents from Tromsø, Norway, aged 25 to 99, carried out between 1974 and 2015–2016. The current study drew on data from waves 4 (1994–1995) to 7 (2015–2016).

The final analysis included 4509 people aged 45 or older. The average age at baseline was 51, with the average monitoring period lasting 21 years.

A BMI of less than 18.5 was categorized as underweight, normal as 18.5–24.9, overweight as 25–29.9, and obesity as 30 and above.

Waist circumference was categorized as normal (94 cm or less for men and 80 cm or less for women), moderately high (95–102 cm for men and 81–88 cm for women), and high (above 102 cm for men and above 88 cm for women).

By 2015–2016, 28% of participants were prefrail, 1% were frail, and 70.5% were strong. In all, nearly 51% of those who were strong and 55% of those categorized as prefrail were women.

While participants in both the strong and prefrail/frail groups put on weight and expanded their waistlines during the monitoring period, there were higher proportions of participants with normal BMIs and waistlines at the start of the monitoring period in the strong group.

With the exception of coexisting conditions, such as diabetes, potentially influential factors, including alcohol intake and smoking, educational attainment, marital status, social support, and physical activity levels differed significantly between the strong and prefrail/frail groups and were accounted for in the analysis.

Those who were obese in 1994, assessed by BMI alone, were nearly 2.5 times more likely to be prefrail/frail at the end of the monitoring period than those with a normal BMI.

Similarly, those with a moderately high or high waist circumference, to start off with, were, respectively, 57% and twice as likely, to be prefrail/frail than those with a normal waistline.

Those who started off with a normal BMI but moderately high waist circumference, or who were overweight but had a normal waistline, weren’t significantly more likely to be prefrail/frail at the end of the monitoring period. But those who were both obese and who had a moderately high waist circumference at the start of the monitoring period were.

Higher odds of prefrailty/frailty were also observed among those who put on weight and among those whose waistlines expanded than in those whose weight and waistlines remained the same throughout.

While the findings echo those of previous long-term studies, this is an observational study, which didn’t track potentially influential changes in lifestyle, diet, and friendship networks that might have occurred during the monitoring period.

And the researchers point out that the findings were still significant for participants with baseline obesity and higher waist circumference when the over 60s were excluded from the analysis. Few underweight people were included in the study.

But there are some plausible biological explanations for their findings, the researchers suggest.

These include the increased inflammatory capacity of fat cells and their infiltration into muscle cells, both of which likely boost naturally occurring age related decline in muscle mass and strength, so heightening the risk of frailty, they explain.

Nevertheless, they conclude: “In the context where the population is rapidly ageing and the obesity epidemic is rising, growing evidence recognizes the subgroup of ‘fat and frail’ older individuals in contrast to viewing frailty only as a wasting disorder.”

Their study “highlights the importance of routinely assessing and maintaining optimal BMI and [waist circumference] throughout adulthood to lower the risk of frailty in older age,” they add.

Source: BMJ Open